Biography of Benjamin Banneker, Author and Naturalist

Life story of Benjamin Banneker, Author and Naturalist Benjamin Banneker (November 9, 1731â€October 9, 1806) was a self-taught researcher, stargazer, designer, author, and abolitionist marketing expert. He constructed a striking clock altogether from wood, distributed a ranchers chronicle, and effectively crusaded against servitude. He was one of the principal African Americans to pick up differentiation for accomplishments in science. Quick Facts: Benjamin Banneker Known For: Banneker was an author, designer, and naturalist who distributed a progression of ranchers chronological registries in the late 1700s.Born: November 9, 1731 in Baltimore County, MarylandParents: Robert and Mary BannekyDied: October 9, 1806 in Oella, MarylandPublished Works: Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia Almanac and Ephemeris, for the Year of our Lord, 1792Notable Quote: â€Å"The shade of the skin is not the slightest bit associated with quality of the brain or scholarly powers.† Early Life Benjamin Banneker was conceived on November 9, 1731, in Baltimore County, Maryland. Despite the fact that he was brought into the world a liberated person, he was the relative of slaves. Around then, the law directed that on the off chance that your mom was a slave, at that point you were a slave, and on the off chance that she was a liberated individual, at that point you were a free individual. Bannekers grandma Molly Walsh was a bi-racial English worker and a contractually bound slave who wedded an African slave named Banna Ka, who had been brought to the Colonies by a slave dealer. Molly had served seven years as a contracted slave before she obtained and took a shot at her own little ranch. Molly Walsh bought her future spouse Banna Ka and another African to chip away at her ranch. The name Banna Ka was later changed to Bannaky and afterward changed to Banneker. Benjamins mother Mary Banneker was brought into the world free. Benjamins father Rodger was a previous slave who had p urchased his own opportunity before wedding Mary. Instruction Banneker was instructed by Quakers, however the vast majority of his training was self-educated. He immediately uncovered to the world his innovative nature and first accomplished national praise for his logical work in the 1791 review of the Federal Territory (presently Washington, D.C.). In 1753, he manufactured one of the primary watches made in America, a wooden pocket watch. After twenty years, Banneker started making cosmic computations that empowered him to effectively figure a 1789 sun oriented overshadowing. His gauge, made well ahead of time of the heavenly occasion, repudiated expectations of better-known mathematicians and space experts. Bannekers mechanical and scientific capacities intrigued many, including Thomas Jefferson, who experienced Banneker after George Elliot had suggested him for the looking over group that spread out Washington, D.C. Chronicles Banneker is most popular for his six yearly ranchers chronological registries, which he distributed somewhere in the range of 1792 and 1797. In his extra time, Banneker started assembling the Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Almanac and Ephemeris. The chronological registries remembered data for prescriptions and clinical treatment and recorded tides, galactic data, and obscurations, all determined by Banneker himself. Numerous students of history accept that the first printed chronological registry dates to 1457 and was printed by Gutenberg in Mentz, Germany. Benjamin Franklin distributed his Poor Richards Almanacs in America from 1732 to 1758. Franklin utilized the expected name of Richard Saunders and composed clever proverbs in his chronological registries, for example, Light handbag, substantial heart and Hunger never observed awful bread. Bannekers chronological registries, however they showed up later, were more centered around conveying precise data than on imparting Bannekers individual perspectives. Letter to Thomas Jefferson On August 19, 1791, Banneker sent a duplicate of his first chronicle to Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. In an encased letter, he scrutinized the slaveholders earnestness as a companion to freedom. He asked Jefferson to help dispose of silly and bogus thoughts that one race is better than another. Banneker wanted Jeffersons suppositions to be equivalent to his, that one Universal Father...afforded every one of us similar sensations and invested all of us with similar resources. Jefferson reacted with acclaim for Bannekers achievements: I thank you truly for your letter of the nineteenth and for the Almanac it contained. No body wishes more than I do to consider such to be as you show, that nature has given to our dark brethren, abilities equivalent to those of different shades of men, that the presence of a need of them is owing only to the corrupted state of their reality both in Africa America...I have ventured to send your chronicle to Monsieur de Condorcet, Secretary of the Academy of sciences at Paris, and individual from the Philanthropic culture since I considered it as a report to which your entire shading had an appropriate for their defense against the questions which have been engaged of them. Jefferson later sent a letter to the Marquis de Condorcet advising him about Banneker-a truly good mathematician-and his work with Andrew Ellicott, the assessor who denoted the limits of the Territory of Columbia (later the District of Columbia). Passing Declining chronological registry deals inevitably constrained Banneker to surrender his work. He kicked the bucket at home on October 9, 1806, at 74 years old. Banneker was covered at Mount Gilboa African Methodist Episcopal Church in Oella, Maryland. Heritage Bannekers life turned into the wellspring of legend after his passing, with many crediting certain achievements to him for which there is practically zero proof in the verifiable record. His innovations and chronological registries motivated later ages, and in 1980 the U.S. Postal Service gave a stamp in his respect as a component of the Black Heritage arrangement. In 1996, various Bannekers individual possessions were unloaded, and some of them were later advanced to the Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum. Some of Bannekers individual original copies, including the main journalâ that endure the 1806 fire that annihilated his house, are in the ownership of the Maryland Historical Society. Sources Cerami, Charles A. Benjamin Banneker Surveyor, Astronomer, Publisher, Patriot. John Wiley, 2002.Miller, John Chester. The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery. College Press of Virginia, 1995.Weatherly, Myra. Benjamin Banneker: American Scientific Pioneer. Compass Point Books, 2006.

Wonderful Life Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Great Life You have been prepared to proceed onward for a long while But perhaps not all that prepared to let go Of all that you know (Your companions, your family, and all the sweet recollections) In any case, you need to recollect There is an actual existence to be lived and a delightful world to be seen There are new companions and more recollections to make And the world is simply going to prop up with or without you Don't let dread keep you away From taking that chance Sacrifice, giggle, cry, give, learn love Just let yourself proceed to live the life that you need Find yourself and be fearless Discover the world that anticipates you also, appreciate this brilliant life.

How to Write a Paper For A Writing Reflection

How to Write a Paper For A Writing ReflectionA great way to learn how to write a reflection paper is to write one on your own. I know this sounds a little crazy, but it really does work. Try it for yourself. You will be surprised at how much easier it is.You can write a paper on any topic. It doesn't matter what you know. You don't have to be an expert in the field you are writing about. This will just make the paper easier to write.Once you decide what subject matter you want to write about, you are going to need to pick out a paper. You want to choose a color that stands out in the paper. The paper colors of black, red, blue, and white all stand out quite well.If you are writing a reflection paper about a person, it can be any age. You can write about children, or adults, or grandparents. Pick an age range that stands out from the others.You need to find a subject matter that makes sense. Remember that whatever you choose to write about must be relatable to you. If you choose somet hing that's hard to relate to, it will be hard to relate to it. Try to find subjects that are easy to relate to, but still hold interest.Writing your paper doesn't have to be difficult. I promise you that you will get better at it as you go along. Start with your subject, write on it and finish it off with a closing statement. It should be a self-reflective statement.Your writing reflection paper must be as positive as possible. Don't make any negative statements in the writing. Only negative statements should be used in a reflection paper.Writing reflections is important in your writing career. It can give you a better insight on yourself and others. It can help you find your writing voice.

Rhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedys Speech - 746 Words

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. As a young man Kennedy rapidly climbed the political latter by initially representing a working class Boston district in the United States Congress, then escalated to the House of Representatives, followed by the United States Senate, and ending with the victorious defeat of his presidential opponent, to become the 35th president of the United States of America. According to theatlantic.com, Kennedy was so well liked that â€Å"in the eyes of the world, this reticent man became a charismatic leader who, in his life and in his death, served as a symbol of purpose and hope.† As a result of John F. Kennedy’s appeal to the public, many articles, books, and†¦show more content†¦Eleanor Clift’s, Inside Kennedy’s Inauguration, 50 Years On, had the same overall style of unity as Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961, yet took a much different approach to transmit this style. Clif t’s technique included the use of prolonged, personal accounts from citizens during JFK‘s inauguration, and the use of pathos. Personal accounts such as one from Richard Goodwin stating, â€Å"Dick, did you see the Coast Guard contingent in the parade? There was not a single black face in that delegation, and I want you to do something about it right away.†, emphasizes Goodwins trust in Kennedy to unify races. Clift also added pathos throughout dialogue between Rep. Charles Buckley and Seigenthaler that articulates †What’s the best inaugural you’ve been to?† he asked. â€Å"the one we’re going to tomorrow,† said Rep. Charles Buckley’s New York. †¦ â€Å" We forgot, looking back on it, how powerful the anti-Catholic effort was,† Seigenthaler says now. â€Å"There were frozen tears of joy in the cheeks of Irish Catholics that day.† While adding another source for reliability, Clift also used a rhetor ical device to emphasize not only Kennedy’s goal for unity, but her inclusive style of unity. The photograph taken by the United States Army Signal Corps picturing the inauguration of John F. Kennedy, produces a style of unityShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedys Speech920 Words   |  4 PagesOn November 22 of 1963 at 1:00 P.M., John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States, died after being shot thirty minutes earlier while riding in a parade in Dallas, Texas. The nation mourned for their slain president. Many parents and grandparents still remember the day of the assassination and the days that followed as the country was left grieving and in a period of bereavement. In the time immediately following his death, the nation remembered his moving inaugural address which gaveRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedys Adgural Speech858 Words   |  4 PagesOn January 20, 1961, John F Kennedy delivered his historic inaugural address to a crow d of prominent officials and hopeful Americans. This powerful speech inspired citizens of America as well as nations around the globe. Even those who previously doubted Kennedy’s potential as a president before the election highly respected his opening message. Consequently, his approval rating shot up to 75% following the delivery of this speech, which confirms its profound effect on the American people. Much ofRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedys Moral Speech849 Words   |  4 PagesMemorable Motivations One of the greatest presidential terms began with one of the most remembered inaugural speeches of all time. As the 35th President of the United States, John F. 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Kennedy’s inaugural speech is certainly one to remember. It’s memorable not for its length, but for the effective content that it beholds. He entices readers by the use of strong rhetoric techniques. His inaugural analyzes style of writing, such as diction, tropes, schemes, and syntax, and applies the concept of it effectively throughout the speech. A reader performs rhetorical analysis to examine how authors attempt to persuade their audiences by looking at the various components that makeRead MoreJFK inaugural Address853 Words   |  4 Pages Rhetorical Analysis on JFK’s Inaugural Address Majority of the people know the eminent line â€Å"ask not what your country can do for you- ask what you can do for your country† (Kennedy). That is indubitably one of the most well known segments of his speech, however, there are other parts that made it memorable. He knew he was not only speaking to America, but other countries as well. 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Kennedy is considered one of the greatest speeches in twentieth-century American public address,† says Sara Ann Mehltretter from Penn State University. The 1960s was an important time period during American history. The speech was said to motivate Americans and unite them to successfully create a powerful government. In a time of desperation, the actions that the United States government would take to help come out successful was very important for the countries future. In John F. Kennedy’s

Evaluation Of The Memorial Health System - 1042 Words

â€Å"The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency† –Bill Gates (The Brainy Quote, n.d.). While reviewing other IT project implementations shed light on system failures and also what seems to work best. Planning and a strong team seem to be first priority to getting started followed by set goals. The case of the Memorial Health System CPOE implementation is a perfect example of why planning and following the steps are crucial to success. Good project management should be a focus, with special attention paid to having a strong team. The selection of a good team is the first step to success. Once this initial goal has been met the focus shifts to defining the project scope and developing a plan. As the company is implementing the new system, the first step that is organizing an implantation team. According to Wagner, W13 18hickham Lee, and Glaser (2013), â€Å"The primary role and function of the team is to plan, coordinate, budget and manage all aspects of the new system implementation.† Many roles are involved before, during and after implementation. The project sponsor makes strategic decisions that guide and direct the project. They are fiscally responsible and manage the resources of the project. Project sponsors approve or disapprove decisions made by the project manager, such as adjustmentsShow MoreRelatedInfant Death Recorded ( 2010 Infant Deaths, Vital Records ) Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pages 4} Winchendon Health Center is also located in the town and is affiliated with Henry Heywood Hospital, which is located in Gardner. It has been a hospital/health center since the early 1900’s providing health services to the community. 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The Schlieffen Plan Failed free essay sample

The Schlieffen Plan failed because of bravery of BEF In 1914, Germany would go to war with Russia. If this happened then Germany assumed french would also attack them as they were friends of Russia. This meant that German would be attacked on both sides of the country, so Germany wanted to avoid spreading the army into two to defeat France quickly and then attack Russia. The German Army Chief of Staff, Alfred von Schlieffen was asked to plan a war on two sides. He think that it was important to get a fast break attack. Schlieffen wanted to attack France through Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg. He planned to use 90% of the German army to deliver a knock out blow to France. How ever in the battle of liege in Belgium, the local army helped by the British Expeditionary force, which arrive very quickly. And defending the Germen and at the same time, Russian prepared their army to attack. We will write a custom essay sample on The Schlieffen Plan Failed or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Makes the plan failed. The main reason of Schlieffen plan failed was the british expeditionary force helping out. This is a surprise defending to the Germen and had been shocked. Makes the plan totally went to the wrong side. Also, at the same time the Russian was ready to attack Germany at the other side, and forced the attacking troops need to be back and ready for defense. The Germen advance was slowed down. Through, the helping from the British to the Belgium, the Germany got another enemy to fight in further days. Therefore the Germany will be much more difficult to be the winner of the war.

The Different Aspects of Child Rearing and Child Care Essay Sample free essay sample

Child Rearing and Child Care are two of the most of import and yet delicate undertakings parents should larn diligently and exhaustively. It is through proper raising and attention that a kid is developed and molded to be a good individual as he grows up. Basically. it is through the parents’ methods and ways a kid is developed morally and spiritually. There are several factors that affect the manner parents rear and care for their kids and among which are civilization and society – the ground why different states and provinces have different ways in Child Rearing and Child Care. Most of the Western civilizations believe that each kid should hold his ain room. or if non. his or her ain bed. While some civilizations such as Hawaiian. Nipponese and Native Americans believes that such pattern is harmful to the development of a kid and might be unsafe. ( National Casa ) Another factor is faith. We will write a custom essay sample on The Different Aspects of Child Rearing and Child Care Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the Philippines. Child Rearing has its roots from the faith of Christianity. the ground why Filipino parents believe that in order to maintain the kid from wickednesss and immorality. the kid must be taught of obeisance. While in Japan. its kid rise uping history is rooted from its ancient Nipponese folkways and their kids were allowed to be free from any societal limitation. ( Masatoshi Jimmy Suzuki. 2000 ) Furthermore in China. Child Rearing is attributed to â€Å"their belief in the community of their biological and moral lives via their kids and grandchildren. † Children are thought to convey award to themselves and to their several households. They were besides given duties at an early age. There are still different and obscure facets that should be explored in Child Rearing and Child Care. Although different states and provinces have their different ways and methods in raising and taking attention of their kids. the lone thing that remains changeless is that: parents ever want the best for their kids. Plants Cited Suzuki. M. J. 2000. Child-Rearing and Educational Practices in the United States and Japan: Comparative Positions. Hyogo Kyoiku Daigaku Kenkyu Kiyo [ Hyogo University of Teacher Education Journal ] . Vol 20 ( Ser. 1 ) . pp. 177-186. National Casa. Cultural Perspective on Child Rearing. Casanet Resources. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. casanet. org/program-management/diversity/cultural-child. htm gt ;

Y2k Millennium Bug essays

Y2k Millennium Bug essays The Millennial sun will first rise over human civilization in the independent republic of Kiribati, a group of some thirty low lying coral islands in the Pacific Ocean that straddle the equator and the International Date Line, halfway between Hawaii and Australia. This long awaited sunrise marks the dawn of the year 2000, and quite possibly, the onset of unheralded disruptions in life as we know it in many parts of the globe. Kiribatis 81,000 Micronesians may observe nothing different about this dawn; they only received TV in 1989. However, for those who live in a world that relies on satellites, air, rail and ground transportation, manufacturing plants, electricity, heat, telephones, or TV, when the calendar clicks from 99 to 00, we will experience a true millennial shift. As the sun moves westward on January 1, 2000, as the date shifts silently within millions of computerized systems, we will begin to experience our computer-dependent world in an entirely new way. We will finally see the extent of the networked and interdependent processes we have created. At the stroke of midnight, the new millennium heralds the greatest challenge to modern society that we have yet to face as a planetary community. I am describing the year 2000 problem, known as Y2K (K signifying 1000.) Nicknamed at first "The Millennial Bug," increasing sensitivity to the magnitude of the impending crisis has escalated it to "The Millennial Bomb." The problem begins as a simple technical error. Large mainframe computers more than ten years old were not programmed to handle a four digit year. Sitting here now, on the threshold of the year 2000, it seems incomprehensible that computer programmers and microchip designers didn't plan for it. But when these billions of lines of computer code were being written, computer memory was very expensive. Remember when a computer only had 16 kilobytes of RAM? To save storage space, most programmers al...

Developing Artificial Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Developing Artificial Intelligence - Essay Example This is because it is yet unclear as to what comprises a human being’s thoughts, and what is the driving force behind his/her intelligence. Is it a manifestation of the immortal soul or is it just a complex network of nerves comprising the nervous system? To create an intelligent machine or a computer, it is necessary to grant it with thinking capabilities that are at par with humans. If such an intelligent machine is ever created, how can we test whether it can think on its own? How can it be certified as Artificial Intelligence? Alan Mathison Turing, a computer analyst, mathematician and cryptoanalyst, provided a simple solution to this problem. In a paper published in the Journal Mind, in 1950, Turing suggests that rather than creating complications by using the word â€Å"think†, defining it, or asking whether machines can â€Å"think†, it is easier to develop a task that requires thinking, and testing whether a machine can succeed in that task. Alan   Math ison   Turing,   a   computer   analyst,   mathematician   and   cryptoanalyst,   provided   a   simple   solution   to   this   problem.   In   a   paper   published   in   the   Journal   Mind,   in   1950,   Turing   suggests   that   rather   than   creating   complications   by   using   the   word   â€Å"think†,   defining   it,   or   asking   whether   machines.... Turing put forth the idea that machines could be devised to think and be capable of â€Å"rivaling human intelligence†. He writes: The original question, "Can machines think?" I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted (p. 440). This idea was revolutionary and contrary to the popular notions and beliefs of his time (â€Å"The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook†). Turing suggested an imitation game that could be used to test whether a computer is as intelligent as a human being. The directions of the game are as follows: A human and a machine, labeled ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are placed in separate rooms. Another human, who is the judge/interrogator/observer, is placed in another room and is unaware of who is in which room. He only knows t he human and the machine by the labels, ‘X’ and ‘Y’. The judge/interrogator will have to find out who is the human and who is the machine based on the responses he gets from both, the human and the machine. The machine will try to make the judge conclude that the other human is the machine. The human will try to help the judge in identifying the machine (Turing, 1950). In simple words, a computer and a human should be placed in two separate rooms and should communicate through textual messages with a third human, who is the judge or the observer. The judge would interrogate both, the human and the machine. The judge will then decide who is in which room. If the judge fails to make the right judgment and fails to distinguish between the human and the machine, the machine is said to be successful and will have

Life essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life - Essay Example Right from a young age I have been taught these values and constantly reminded to follow them in my day to day life. As I have learnt the importance of these values early on it has been easy to emulate them and ever since I truly understood these moral values and culture I have been striving to adhere to them. This life is a god given gift and we ought to spend it wisely and earnestly. Through my life experiences I have learnt that leading a principled life has a lot of positive effect on the mental and physical well-being of the individual. In addition it also helps to cope with difficult situations in life. I have also faced several setbacks in life but the moral values and principles that I believe in have given me the strength and courage to face them with a positive spirit and overcome them with right reasoning and tact. Youngsters of the present generation are being lured into all kinds of addictive habits that have damaging effects on their lives and career. It would be very tempting to tread the negative path initially; the actual effects would only be felt later on in life but then it would be too late. Leading a principled life would teach us self-control which would help to refrain from such activities. There is no doubt that the modern world is becoming more unsafe and ruthless due to the dwindling beliefs in family values, culture, tradition and ethics. Violence and criminal activities have also reached a peak. When closely observed the people behind these activities would be those who have lived their lives without any set values or principles which are largely imbibed from family. The increasing divorce rates resulting in broken families can also be attributed to similar factors and children hailing from broken homes by and large resort to deviant activities. Life has become more materialistic and people are ready to go to any extent to achieve materialistic comforts in life. In the process people forget that apart

The Half brothers Essay Example for Free

The Half brothers Essay He doesnt understand how someone could leave another person to die, and to him, the fact they were in a war, where people are killed, doesnt make a difference. I suppose that if a person has not experienced the feelings of what its like to be in a war, to lose someone you dearly love, then there will never be able to totally understanding as to how someone could do something so sad. I also believe that during the 1930s and the 1940s, people had a different way of life. The fact that Mrs Rutter lost her husband in the war made her feel as though the jerry plane crashing was a blessing, and it is obvious she has no regrets. We see how Sandra has an insight at why Mrs. Rutter felt she had nothing to be sorry for in acting this way. The setting of The Half-Brothers shows a sense of loneliness and most of the story takes place on the harsh and lonely Fells. There was also the lack of relatives and friends at the funeral of her daughter. In the text it says that the people who did go were Neighbours my aunt, and one far off cousin, Who were all the friends they could muster It shows that she doesnt even have hope of having anyone to be close to. She has her sister, but they are of very different personalities. Even though Aunt Fanny was a kind, warm hearted creature, who thought more of her sisters welfare than she did of her own Helen felt they couldnt talk to each other and because of this, could not share her feelings of sadness with anyone. This feeling that the main character no longer has anyone to understand them is strong in both of the stories. Later in the story Helen gives birth to a baby boy who she called Gregory. And he became her life. She seemed after that to think of nothing but her new little baby. Helen used her obsession as a way out of thinking about the bad things that were happening to her. Because she had felt so lonely, she found her new child the only thing to make living worthwhile. Her sister was really worried about her still, as she knew that with no money they would surely be unable to survive, so Aunt Fanny stayed, but she knew that something would still have to be done. Thats when William Preston, who was afterwards my father, came in, Helen married William Preston because he said that he would make sure that her child was looked after, the child that was Helens sole reason for being. He basically bought her into marriage, and it is obvious that Helen only married him because of her financial situation. This means that it was clear from the beginning of the marriage that William Preston wanted Helen because of her good looks, and Helen needed him more because she had no money. This made it very easy for him to rule over her. This saddens the reader, as Helen is so weak that she feels that all she has to live for is her only child. Helen falls pregnant again, and was unsure about having another child, as she loved Gregory so much. She guards him with her life, and because of this, she gives birth early due to an argument about Gregory being bad, as she made excuses for his behaviour. William Preston knows that Helen does not love him the way he wishes she would, and he feels jealous by all her love for her sons. He blames everything on Gregory, and when Helen dies due to the early birth, that too is his fault. He is not treated the same as he is only seen to William as a stepson. Almost as though he is nothing but an inconvenience. The ending of the story made me feel sad by what happened. The tension in the darkness out there is that of fear, of shock, but in half brothers it comes across in sadness of the tragic events that happened in the story and the unfortunate fate of Gregory. The Half-Brothers is a very detached story, as the narrator does not seem to have any sort of connection with the people he is talking about, even though he is the second son, he bears no name throughout the whole story. The narrator in The Darkness Out There I would say is Sandra. I think this because right at the very end of the story, it is Sandra who does what seems to be a conclusion, and this brings out her maturity. At the beginning she is annoyed by something so small as who she has to work with, but the events that happen show her how everything is not always as it appears. At the end, it is not only Kerry who has grown, but herself too. My Own Personal Views: I found the story Half-Brothers more informative and its structure appealed to me more because I found it more interesting. However I found the contrast between darkness and light in the story by Penelope Lively rather fascinating. The twist and turns of the short story were very cleverly put together to form a roller coaster of a read. When I was reading the beginning of the story about sunshine and flowers I started to think about the title and how it seemed very strange in connection to what I was reading. The reader could quite easily become stuck into what at first seems like some kind of fairytale, only to be suddenly hit by a somewhat shocking ending which is totally unexpected. Half-Brothers has a rather steady flow. I do not mean by this that there is no tension because that certainly is not the case. The tale has a very tragic structure all the way through, and all throughout reading this story, as a reader, I felt generally saddened almost as though it were a true story.

Informed Consent Essay -- Medical Care

Informed consent is the basis for all legal and moral aspects of a patient’s autonomy. Implied consent is when you and your physician interact in which the consent is assumed, such as in a physical exam by your doctor. Written consent is a more extensive form in which it mostly applies when there is testing or experiments involved over a period of time. The long process is making sure the patient properly understands the risk and benefits that could possible happen during and after the treatment. As a physician, he must respect the patient’s autonomy. For a patient to be an autonomous agent, he must have legitimate moral values. The patient has all the rights to his medical health and conditions that arise. When considering informed consent, the patient must be aware and should be able to give a voluntary consent for the treatment and testing without being coerced, even if coercion is very little. Being coerced into giving consent is not voluntary because other s people’s opinions account for part of his decision. Prisoners and the poor population are two areas where coercion is found the most when giving consent. Terminally ill patients also give consent in hope of recovering from their illness. Although the possibilities are slim of having a successful recovery, they proceed with the research with the expectation of having a positive outcome. Although the physician provides adequate information to his patient, how can he ensure that his patient properly knows everything and is capable of making the decision? Prisoners and the poor population are simply two groups that are easily coerced into giving consent to medical research. Although prisoners give consent, I don’t believe many are voluntarily giving consent, but... ...on from your patient that could possible alter his decision. The patient should have rights to know all information and statistics about the doctor and the success rate of all treatment options revealed. The information, in which, the doctor reveals or does not reveal fall under the category of reasonable clinician standard. Reasonable clinician standard is inconsistent with informed consent because the focus is on the physician rather than the patient’s best interest. Works Cited Davis, John K. "Precedent Autonomy and Subsequent Consent." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 40.3 (2004): 267-91. Gert, Heather. "Avoiding Surprises: A Model for Informing Patients." The Hastings Center Reports 32.5 (2002): 23-32. Nelson, Robert, and Jon Merz. "Voluntariness of Consent for Research: An Empirical and Conceptual Review." Medical Care 40.9 (2002): 69-80.

C. Palmer and His Art for Culturally Responsive Instruction Essay

This short essay gives background information on the artist Charly Palmer and his development of narrative art. It also explores, how to use srt as a means to engage students in Culturally Responsive Teaching. About the Artist Born in Fayette, Alabama, Charly â€Å"Carlos† Palmer (1960-) has lived life as both a commercial artist and a fine artist. Palmer was raised primarily in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Whereupon after graduating from high school in 1978 he moved to Chicago, Illinois to pursue a degree at the American Academy of Art in Chicago. Palmer attended school there for a year and a half before transferring to the Art institute of Chicago. In 1982 he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts and minor in Art History. Right after graduation Palmer began working professionally as an artist and more specifically as a graphic artist for agencies in Milwaukee, Chicago and Atlanta, Georgia. In partnership with his then wife, Charly Palmer opened a graphics design business, TP Design, in 1991. The business took off quickly and successfully. â€Å"We were recognized within the first 2 years as one of the top design agencies nationally and as one of the few all black agencies around in graphic designs in the country† states Palmer (personal communication, December 7, 2011). I asked Palmer, â€Å"What inspired you to switch your focus from being a professional designer to a full time painter?† Despite the success of the business Palmer explains, â€Å"I never had a desire to do commercial work.† His first passion, painting, is something that has never left him and he decided to solely focus on this aspect of his career within the last 10 years. About the Artwork Much of Charly Palmer’s work is a reflection of his experiences and perspective as a Black man in America. Consistently, the themes that are addressed in his paintings are economic, social, political, gender and racial issues within the context of the United States. In his most recent exhibition â€Å"What is Your Tar Baby? † these themes are represented through the depiction of historic and contemporary icons. Entertainers and politicians such as Dave Chappelle, Josephine Baker, Marilyn Monroe, Abraham Lincoln, and President Barrack Obama are brought to the forefront for examination. The composition of these paintings consists of vivid colors and portraitures surrounded by subtle and bold sketches of the African folktale characters Brer Rabbit (Brother Rabbit) and Brer Fox (Brother Fox). In some of the paintings, the words â€Å"TAR BABY† takes up half of the canvas and it is sometimes positioned underneath or above the central figure in the painting. There are other times that â€Å"TAR BABY† is positioned down the left side frame of the canvas. Other times these words and excerpts from the published Tar Baby narrative are softly sketched around the iconic figure in the piece. In each painting the intertextuality of images, words and mixed media are present to create a new narrative or rather conversation that Palmer wants to have with the public. Palmer is a visual storyteller who elicits reflection and dialogue through his work. By painting a story, he is striving to have conversations about who Americans are and in what ways we can celebrate ourselves. As it relates to art and reflection, Diana Mack (1999) contends that â€Å"good art must communicate something comprehensibly worthwhile, something worthy of contemplation†¦More and more so- called artists today call attention to themselves by shocking and agitating rather than by promoting reflection (Silverman & Rader, 2009, p. 215). Reflection is a significant concept in Palmer’s art and in â€Å"What is Your Tar Baby?† reflection is inextricably intertwined with narratives. The Tar Baby Narrative The 2011-2012 exhibition â€Å"What is Your Tar Baby?† is a series of paintings that connects the story of Brer Rabbit (a cunning charlatan who masterfully dupes others using his wit and charm) and his interaction with a tar baby along with images of entertainers, politicians and athletes. Despite their talents and diverse backgrounds these public figures have all commonly struggled. Palmer parallels their struggles to the entrapment Brer Rabbit has with the tar baby. In order to truly see the intertextuality of Palmer’s art one must familiarize their self with this narrative. Originally the story of Brer Rabbit originates from parts of West Africa and was passed down orally from generations of enslaved Africans in the Americas and Caribbean. It soon made its way to publication because Robert Roosevelt, uncle of President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote down the story as enslaved Blacks dictated it. The story only met popularity when Joel Chandler Harris (1881), a White Southern journalist, adapted and compiled the African folktales for publication. Chandler developed the fictional character Uncle Remus, an old slave (who speaks in Gullah dialect) as the storyteller. In the role of a griot, Uncle Remus transmits certain knowledge and values by passing the story on to children gathered around him. Accordingly, the original Tar Baby story is the only story where his rival Brer Fox outfoxes Brer Rabbit. In an effort to catch the trickster, Brer Fox shapes a lump of tar into the shape of a baby, put clothes on it and sets it strategically in a pathway that Brer Rabbit is known to travel. When Brer Rabbit comes into contact with the tar baby he tries to have a conversation but gets no response. His frustration causes him to punch the tar baby and he becomes stuck. The more Brer Rabbit tries to rid himself from the tar baby the more he is affixed to the tar. Palmer asserts that, â€Å"over the years the tar has come to represent the trap, often times one that is more politically aligned, but most times the word is used in a way that is meant to degrade† ( C. Palmer, Artist’s Statement, 2011). Palmer brings to light that the original tar baby story has no racial connotation but rather it is a story about â€Å"a problem that gets worse the more one struggles against it.† (â€Å"Tar Baby†, n.d.) Presently, tar baby is a term used by blacks and whites alike â€Å"to express their anger towards their losses or failures, and their feelings about complexion and race. (C. Palmer, Artist’s statement, 2011). Historically, there was a prevalence of this word around derogatory images of African Americans. Despite its negative racial implication the metaphor of tar, â€Å"a problem† along with Palmer’s exhibition can be used to discuss social justice and diversity issues and as a means to transform art educators into culturally responsive teachers. Addressing the needs of diverse and multilingual learners through culturally responsive teaching According to a report provided by the Congressional Research Service, â€Å"The U.S. population is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse† (Shrestha & Heisler, 2011, p. 18). Furthermore, it is predicted that by the year 2050, 56% of the U.S. population will be non-White. Already the majority minority, representing 15% of America’s demographic of race are those who identify as Hispanic or Latino. By 2050 members of this community will have a population increase of 30.2% and this also implies an increasing population of multilingual people (Shrestha & Heisler, 2011, p. 18 ). This increasing change in America’s race and ethnic composition is reflected in every aspect of our lives and this includes the classroom. Now more than ever it is necessary for art educators to address the needs of the steadily increasing numbers of culturally and linguistically diverse learners. One way to do this is to cultivate in all students what proponents of multicultural education call, â€Å"a transformative perspective.† I contend that art educators can successfully engage diverse learners through the praxis of culturally responsive teaching and by introducing the works of artist like Charly Palmer.

Paneles solares - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 30 Words: 8973 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? RESUMEN EJECUTIVO El uso de las energas renovables ha venido a disminuir, el uso de los combustibles fsiles como fuente de obtencin de energa. El suministro de energa a partir de fuentes diversificadas y seguras, de forma econmicamente admisible y ambientalmente compatible, resulta esencial para la implementacin de la prctica del desarrollo sostenible de un pas. En ese sentido, este proyecto contribuye con el requerimiento de un cuidadoso equilibrio entre los aspectos sociales, econmicos y ambientales. Su implementacin contribuye a la reduccin del impacto econmico que ocasionan los combustibles importados en la economa nacional, as como la reduccin de   emisiones de CO2 que contribuye a los gases de efecto invernadero, como consecuencia el cambio climtico y los SO2 y los NOX que originan la lluvia acida. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Paneles solares" essay for you Create order El incremento de concentraciones atmosfrica de CO2   como consecuencia del empleo de combustibles fsiles, tiene una contribucin en el incremento del efecto invernadero natural existente en el mundo. Por ello, se hace necesaria y urgente la reduccin de las emisiones de este gas, presente de forma natural en la atmsfera. El desesarrollo del proyecto pretende potenciar el uso de la energa solar, utilizando paneles solares de tubos de vacio como fuente de energa renovable como una forma de sustituir los combustibles fsiles utilizados en calderas por energa ms limpia y segura para el medio ambiente. Tomando en consideracin el, las reducciones de las emisiones Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio estipulado en el protocolo de Kyoto sobre las y la sustitucin de combustible importado, el proyecto se enmarca dentro de objetivos de las leyes de Incentivos a las Elegas Renovables y la de Competitividad y Innovacin Industrial, dentro de una estrategia de contribuir a la sostenibilidad y la competitividad del aparato productivo nacional. En ese sentido, la Escuela de la Ingeniera Qumica de la UASD, cuya esencia es la aplicacin   de   Ingeniera de Procesos para la identificacin de mejoras que contribuyan a la innovacin y competitividad, cumple con su objetivo de aportar a sector productivo nacional. I. INTRODUCCIN Este proyecto inicia como una alternativa para el uso de la energa solar y el potencial   para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, por el uso de combustible fsil en calderas para evaporar agua y ser utilizada posteriormente en el proceso de produccion Halka Industrial. Para realizar el proyecto se tom como opcin la disponibilidad de la energa solar en el pas. Para su la realizacin se enfoc la atencin sobre la investigacin en las tecnologas existentes para convertir la energa solar en energa trmica. Se lleg a la conclusin que la mejor opcin debido a la mayor eficiencia que presentan la constituan los llamados paneles solares de tubo de vaco, por los que estos fueron la tecnologa seleccionada para la ejecucin del proyecto. 1.1-OBJETIVOS ÃÆ'ËÅ" Objetivo general Reducir los costos de operacin de Halka Industrial y promover el uso de la energa solar en los procesos industriales para la sustitucin de combustibles fsiles importados que impactan la economa nacional y contribuir a la reduccin de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Objetivos Especficos Presentar el presente proyecto para la obtencin del titulo de Ingeniero Qumico Introducir la transferencia de tecnologa en la para el aprovechamiento de la radiacin solar a travs de paneles les solares   de tubos de vaco para el calentamiento de agua usada en el proceso Halkada Industrial Oporurtunidad para aplicar a los incentivos previstos en las leyes de Incentivos a las Energias Renovables y de la Innovacin y Competitividad Industrial Aplicacin del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) del Protocolo de Kyto para aplicar a los bonos de carbono por la reduccin de emisiones de combustibles fsiles. 1.2-JUSTIFICACIN La energa solar es sin duda la fuente de toda la vida en el planeta tierra es la responsable de todos los ciclos de la naturaleza, la responsable del clima, del movimiento del viento, del agua y del crecimiento de las plantas Y la ms econmica. Las energas renovables son una realidad que precisa de una constante demanda de profesionales cualificados debido al auge en la utilizacin de tecnologas limpias. La energa solar es la energa producida por el sol y que es convertida a energa ÃÆ' ºtil por el ser humano, ya sea para calentar algo o producir electricidad (como sus principales aplicaciones). El aprovechamiento de esta energa, para calentamiento de agua, con un sistema de paneles solares de tubos de vaco puede reducir las emisiones de gases contaminantes grandemente. 1.3-APORTACIN Reduccin de los costos de operacin de Halka Industrial Contribucin a la reduccin de gases de efecto invernadero Reduccin del uso de combustible fsil importado. Innovacin en el uso de energa de energa limpia procedentes de recursos locales Econmicamente rentables. Incremento en la eficiencia del proceso de produccin de Halka Industrial. 1.4-ANTECEDENTES Las energas renovables han constituido una parte importante de la energa utilizada por los humanos desde tiempos remotos, especialmente la solar, la elica y la hidrulica. La agua y las disposiciones constructivas de los edificios para aprovechar la del sol, son buenos ejemplos de ello. Con el invento de la motores trmicos y elctricos, en una poca en que el todava relativamente escaso consumo, no haca prever un agotamiento de las fuentes, ni otros problemas ambientales que ms tarde se presentaron. Hacia la dcada de energas limpias, y por esta razn fueron llamadas energas alternativas. Actualmente muchas de estas energas son una realidad, no una alternativa, por lo que el nombre de alternativas ya no debe emplearse. SegÃÆ' ºn la Comisin Nacional de Energa espaola, la venta anual de energa del Rgimen Especial se ha multiplicado por ms de 10% en Espaa, a la vez que sus precios se han rebajado un 11%. En Espaa las energas renovables supusieron en el ao 2005 un 5,9% del total de energa primaria, un 1,2% es elica, un 1,1% hidroelctrica, un 2,9 biomasa y el 0,7% otras. La energa elica es la que ms crece. II. MARCO TERICO 2.1-FUNDAMENTO DE LA ENERGA SOLAR Existen dos formas principales de utilizar la energa solar, una como fuente de calor para sistemas solares trmicos. La otra como fuente de electricidad para sistemas solares fotovoltaicos. En este proyecto vamos a trabajar con la energa solar trmica como una fuente de calor. La energa solar trmica se debe a la transformacin de la energa radiante solar en calor o energa trmica. La energa solar trmica se encarga de calentar el agua en forma   directa alcanzando temperatura que oscila entre los 40   y 50 gracias a la utilizacin de paneles solares. El agua se calienta, la cual es almacenada para su posterior consumo: calentamiento de agua de usos industriales, calentamiento de agua de proceso, calefaccin de espacios, calentamiento de piscinas, secaderos, refrigeracin etc. La energa solar trmica utiliza la energa que recibimos del sol para calentar un fluido. 2.2-MECANISMO DE DESARROLLO LIMPIO(MDL) El objetivo del MDL es que las naciones industrializadas inviertan en proyectos para disminuir las emisiones en los pases en desarrollo a fin de compensar las que no lograron reducir en su propio territorio. Este mecanismo permite proyectos de reduccin de emisiones entres pases industrializado y pases en desarrollo. Por medio de este mecanismo una entidad o gobierno de un pas industrializado invierte en un proyecto de reduccin de emisiones en un pas de desarrollo. A cambio el pas industrializado recibe Certificados de Reduccin de Emisin (CER). 2.3-BENEFICIO DE PARTICIPAR EN UN PROYECTO MDL Entre los beneficios que se le otorgan por participar en un proyecto MDL estn: El MDL puede proporcionar ingresos adicionales en forma De CER al proyecto, el cual puede ser econmicamente viable con el uso. El MDL contribuir al uso de energas renovables en lugar del uso de las energas no renovables, lo cual contribuye a la seguridad energtica de un pas El uso de algunas de las tecnologas de reduccin de emisin podr incrementar la productividad mediante el logro de ahorro de energa y materias primas. Aplicacin de tecnologas de reduccin de emisin de GHGs mediante el MDL puede ser tambin una medida de solucin de varios asuntos de contaminacin ambiental. 2.4-BONOS DE CARBONO Los bonos de carbono son un mecanismo internacional de descontaminacin para reducir las emisiones contaminantes al medio ambiente; es uno de los tres mecanismos propuestos en el Protocolo de Kioto para la reduccin de emisiones causantes del calentamiento global o efecto invernadero (GEI o gases de efecto invernadero). El sistema ofrece incentivos econmicos para que empresas privadas contribuyan a la mejora de la calidad ambiental y se consiga regular la emisin generada por sus procesos productivos, considerando el derecho a emitir CO2 como un bien canjeable y con un precio establecido en el mercado. La transaccin de los bonos de carbono à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ un bono de carbono representa el derecho a emitir una tonelada de dixido de carbonoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  permite mitigar la generacin de gases invernadero, beneficiando a las empresas que no emiten o disminuyen la emisin y haciendo pagar a las que emiten ms de lo permitido. Las reducciones de emisiones de GEI se miden en toneladas de CO2 equivalente, y se traducen en Certificados de Emisiones Reducidas (CER). Un CER equivale a una tonelada de CO2 que se deja de emitir a la atmsfera, y puede ser vendido en el mercado de carbono a pases Anexo I (industrializados, de acuerdo a la nomenclatura del protocolo de Kyoto). Los tipos de proyecto que pueden aplicar a una certificacin son, por ejemplo, generacin de energa renovable, mejoramiento de eficiencia energtica de procesos, forestacin, limpieza de lagos y ros, etc. En un esfuerzo por reducir las emisiones que provocan el Protocolo de Kyoto. Para cumplir se estn financiando proyectos de captura o abatimiento de estos gases en pases en vas de desarrollo, acreditando tales disminuciones y considerndolas como si hubiesen sido hechas en su territorio. Sin embargo, los crticos del sistema de venta de bonos o permisos de emisin, argumentan que la implementacin de estos mecanismos tendientes a reducir las emisiones de CO2 no tendr el efecto deseado de reducir la concentracin de CO2 en la atmsfera, como tampoco de reducir o retardar la subida de la temperatura. SegÃÆ' ºn el estudio de Wigley, 2050, o reducir la temperatura predicha para ese ao en 0,06 ºC, o sino retrasar la fecha en que debera cumplirse el aumento dicho en 16 aos. 2.5-IMPACTO AMBIENTAL Se entiende como el efecto que produce una determinada accin humana sobre el medio ambiente en sus distintos aspectos. El concepto puede extenderse, con poca utilidad, a los efectos de un fenmeno natural catastrfico. Tcnicamente, es la alteracin de la accin antrpica o a eventos naturales. Las acciones humanas, motivadas por la consecucin de diversos fines, provocan efectos colaterales sobre el medio natural o social. Mientras los efectos perseguidos suelen ser positivos, al menos para quienes promueven la actuacin, los efectos secundarios pueden ser positivos y, ms a menudo, negativos. La Declaracin de Impacto ambiental (DIA) es la comunicacin previa, que las leyes ambientales exigen bajo ciertos supuestos, de las consecuencias ambientales predichas por la evaluacin. 2.6-PROTOCOLO DE KIOTO El Protocolo de Kioto sobre el cambio climtico[] es un acuerdo internacional que tiene por objetivo reducir las emisiones de seis gases provocadores del azufre (SF6), en un porcentaje aproximado de un 5%, dentro del periodo que va desde el ao 2008 al 2012, en comparacin a las emisiones al ao 1990. Por ejemplo, si la contaminacin de estos gases en el ao 1990 alcanzaba el 100%, al trmino del ao 2012 deber ser del 95%. Es preciso sealar que esto no significa que cada pas deba reducir sus emisiones de gases regulados en un 5%, sino que este es un porcentaje a nivel global y, por el contrario, cada pas obligado por Kioto tiene sus propios porcentajes de emisin que debe disminuir. El protocolo de Kioto sobre el cambio climtico es un acuerdo internacional por objetivo reducir   las emisiones de seis gases provocadores del calentamiento global: Dixido de carbono (CO2), gas metano (CH4) y oxido nitroso (N20), adems de tres gases fluorados: Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), Per III. FUENTES DE ENERGA 3.1-ENERGA ALTERNA 3.1.1-CONCEPTO APLICADOS A LAS FUENTES DE ENERGA Una energas o fuentes energticas actuales, ya sea por su menor efecto contaminante, o fundamentalmente por su posibilidad de renovacin. El consumo de energa es uno de los grandes medidores del progreso y bienestar de una sociedad. El concepto de crisis energtica aparece cuando las fuentes de energa de las que se abastece la sociedad se agotan. Un modelo econmico como el actual, cuyo funcionamiento depende de un continuo crecimiento, exige tambin una demanda igualmente creciente de energa. Puesto que las fuentes de energa fsil y nuclear son finitas, es inevitable que en un determinado momento la demanda no pueda ser abastecida y todo el sistema colapse, salvo que se descubran y desarrollen otros nuevos mtodos para obtener energa: stas seran las energas alternativas. En conjunto con lo anterior se tiene tambin que el abuso de las energas convencionales actuales hoy da tales como el capa de ozono. La discusin energa alternativa/convencional no es una mera clasificacin de las fuentes de energa, sino que representa un cambio que necesariamente tendr que producirse durante este siglo. Es importante resear que las energas alternativas, aun siendo renovables, tambin son finitas, y como cualquier otro recurso natural tendrn un lmite mximo de explotacin. Por tanto, incluso aunque podamos realizar la transicin a estas nuevas energas de forma suave y gradual, tampoco van a permitir continuar con el modelo econmico actual basado en el crecimiento perpetuo. Es por ello por lo que surge el concepto del Desarrollo sostenible. 3.1.2 DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE El desarrollo sostenible se basa en las siguientes premisas: El uso de fuentes de energa renovable, ya que las fuentes siglo XXI. El uso de fuentes limpias, abandonando los procesos de fisin nuclear. La explotacin extensiva de las fuentes de energa, proponindose como alternativa el fomento del autoconsumo, que evite en la medida de lo posible la construccin de grandes infraestructuras de generacin y distribucin de energa elctrica. La disminucin de la demanda energtica, mediante la mejora del rendimiento de los dispositivos elctricos (lmparas, etc.) Reducir o eliminar el consumo energtico innecesario. No se trata slo de consumir ms eficientemente, sino de consumir menos, es decir, desarrollar una conciencia y una cultura del ahorro energtico y condena del despilfarro. La produccin de energas limpias, alternativas y renovables no es por tanto una cultura o un intento de mejorar el medio ambiente, sino una necesidad a la que el ser humano se va a ver abocado, independientemente de nuestra opinin, gustos o creencias. 3.1.3-CLASIFICACIN Las fuentes renovables de energa pueden dividirse en dos categoras: contaminantes. No contaminantes : El Sol: energa solar. El viento: energa elica. Los ros y corrientes de agua dulce: energa hidrulica. Los mares y ocanos: energa mareomotriz. El calor de la Tierra: energa geotrmica. Las olas: energa mareomotriz. La llegada de masas de agua dulce a masas de agua salada : energa azul. Las contaminantes : Se obtienen a partir de la materia orgnica o transesterificacin y de los residuos urbanos. Las energas de fuentes renovables contaminantes tienen el mismo problema que la energa producida por combustibles fsiles: en la combustin emiten fotosntesis. En realidad no es equivalente la cantidad absorbida previamente con la emitida en la combustin, porque en los procesos de siembra, recoleccin, tratamiento y transformacin, tambin se consume energa, con sus correspondientes emisiones. Adems, se puede atrapar gran parte de las emisiones de CO2 para alimentar cultivos de microcarbn activado. Tambin se puede obtener energa a partir de los gas natural y de dixido de carbono. 3.2- DIVISIN DE LAS FUENTES DE ENERGA Las fuentes de energa se pueden dividir en dos grandes subgrupos: permanentes (renovables) y temporales (no renovables). 3.2.1-NO RENOVABLES Los combustibles fsiles son recursos no renovables: no podemos reponer lo que gastamos. En algÃÆ' ºn momento, se acabarn, y tal vez sea necesario disponer de millones de aos de evolucin similar para contar nuevamente con ellos. Son aquellas cuyas reservas son limitadas y se agotan con el uso. Las principales son la carbn). 3.2.2-ENERGA FSIL Los plancton marino acumuladas en el fondo del mar. En ambos casos la materia orgnica se descompuso parcialmente por falta de oxgeno y accin de la temperatura, la presin y determinadas bacterias de forma que quedaron almacenadas molculas con enlaces de alta energa. La energa ms utilizada en el mundo es la energa fsil. Si se considera todo lo que est en juego, es de suma importancia medir con exactitud las reservas de combustibles fsiles del planeta. Se distinguen las reservas identificadas aunque no estn explotadas, y las reservas probables, que se podran descubrir con las tecnologas futuras. SegÃÆ' ºn los clculos, el planeta puede suministrar energa durante 40 aos ms (si slo se utiliza el petrleo) y ms de 200 (si se sigue utilizando el carbn). Hay alternativas actualmente en estudio: la energa fusin nuclear. 3.2.3-ENERGA NUCLEAR El nÃÆ' ºcleo atmico de elementos pesados como el reactor nuclear. Una consecuencia de la actividad de produccin de este tipo de energa, son los radiactividad. 3.2.2-RENOVABLES O VERDES El sol, origen de las energas renovables. Actualmente, estn cobrando mayor importancia a causa del agravamiento del balanza comercial que esa adquisicin representa. 3.2.2.1-POLMICAS Existe cierta polmica sobre la inclusin de la energa hidrulica (a gran escala) como energas verdes, por los impactos medioambientales negativos que producen, aunque se trate de energas renovables. El estatus de desechos nucleares cuya eliminacin no est aÃÆ' ºn resuelta. SegÃÆ' ºn la definicin actual de desecho no se trata de una energa limpia. 3.2.2.2-ENERGA HIDRULICA La energa potencial acumulada en los saltos de agua puede ser transformada en energa elctrica. Las centrales hidroelctricas aprovechan la energa de los ros para poner en funcionamiento unas turbinas que mueven un generador elctrico. 3.2.2.3-BIOMASA La formacin de biomasa a partir de la energa solar se lleva a cabo por el proceso denominado fotosntesis vegetal que a su vez es desencadenante de la cadena biolgica. Mediante la fotosntesis las plantas que contienen clorofila, transforman el dixido de carbono y el agua de productos minerales sin valor energtico, en materiales orgnicos con alto contenido energtico y a su vez sirven de alimento a otros seres vivos. La biomasa mediante estos procesos almacena a corto plazo la energa solar en forma de carbono. La energa almacenada en el proceso fotosinttico puede ser posteriormente transformada en energa trmica, elctrica o carburantes de origen vegetal, liberando de nuevo el dixido de carbono almacenado. 3.2.2.4-ENERGA SOLAR Figura 3. Concentradores Solares Estos temperatura en el receptor. Figura 4. Paneles solares Los energa elctrica. La energa solar es una fuente de vida y origen de la mayora de las dems formas de energa en la Tierra. Cada ao la radiacin solar aporta a la Tierra la energa equivalente a varios miles de veces la cantidad de energa que consume la humanidad. Recogiendo de forma adecuada la paneles solares. Mediante centrales trmicas solares se utiliza la energa trmica de los colectores solares para generar electricidad. Se distinguen dos componentes en la radiacin solar: la radiacin directa y la radiacin difusa. La radiacin directa es la que llega directamente del foco solar, sin refracciones intermedias. La difusa es la emitida por la bveda celeste diurna gracias a los mÃÆ' ºltiples fenmenos de reflexin y refraccin solar en la atmsfera, en las nubes, y el resto de elementos atmosfricos y terrestres. La radiacin directa puede reflejarse y concentrarse para su utilizacin, mientras que no es posible concentrar la luz difusa que proviene de todas direcciones. Sin embargo, tanto la radiacin directa como la radiacin difusa son aprovechables. Se puede diferenciar entre receptores activos y pasivos en que los primeros utilizan mecanismos para orientar el sistema receptor hacia el Sol -llamados seguidores- y captar mejor la radiacin directa. Una importante ventaja de la energa solar es que permite la generacin de energa en el mismo lugar de consumo mediante la integracin arquitectnica. As, podemos dar lugar a sistemas de generacin distribuida en los que se eliminen casi por completo las prdidas relacionadas con el transporte -que en la actualidad suponen aproximadamente el 40% del total- y la dependencia energtica. Las diferentes tecnologas fotovoltaicas se adaptan para sacar el mximo rendimiento posible de la energa que recibimos del sol. De esta forma por ejemplo los sistemas de concentracin solar fotovoltaica (CPV por sus siglas en ingls) utiliza la radiacin directa con receptores activos para maximizar la produccin de energa y conseguir as un coste menor por kW/h producido. Esta tecnologa resulta muy eficiente para lugares de alta radiacin solar, pero actualmente no puede competir en precio en localizaciones de baja radiacin solar como Centro Europa, donde tecnologas como la Capa Fina (Thin Film) estn consiguiendo reducir tambin el precio de la tecnologa fotovoltaica tradicional. 3.2.2.5-ENERGA ELICA La energa elica es la energa obtenida de la fuerza del viento, es decir, mediante la utilizacin de la energa cintica generada por las corrientes de aire. El trmino elico viene del latn Aeolicus (griego antiguo / Aiolos), perteneciente o relativo a olo, dios de los vientos en la mitologa griega y, por tanto, perteneciente o relativo al viento. La energa elica ha sido aprovechada desde la antigÃÆ' ¼edad para mover los barcos impulsados por velas o hacer funcionar la maquinaria de molinos al mover sus aspas. Es un tipo de energa verde. La energa del viento est relacionada con el movimiento de las masas de aire que desplazan de reas de alta presin atmosfrica hacia reas adyacentes de baja presin, con velocidades proporcionales (gradiente de presin). Por lo que puede decirse que la energa elica es una forma no-directa de energa solar, las diferentes temperaturas y presiones en la atmsfera, provocadas por la absorcin de la radiacin solar, son las que ponen al viento en movimiento. El aerogenerador es un generador de corriente elctrica a partir de la energa cintica del viento, es una energa limpia y tambin la menos costosa de producir, lo que explica el fuerte entusiasmo por esta tecnologa. 3.2.2.6-ENERGA GEOTRMICA La energa geotrmica es aquella energa que puede ser obtenida por el hombre mediante el aprovechamiento del calor del interior de la Tierra. Parte del calor interno de la Tierra (5.000 ºC) llega a la corteza terrestre. En algunas zonas del planeta, cerca de la superficie, las aguas subterrneas pueden alcanzar temperaturas de ebullicin, y, por tanto, servir para accionar turbinas elctricas o para calentar. El calor del interior de la Tierra se debe a varios factores, entre los que destacan el gradiente geotrmico y el calor radiognico. Geotrmico viene del griego geo, Tierra; y de thermos, calor; literalmente calor de la Tierra. 3.2.2.7-ENERGA MAREOMOTRIZ Figura 5. Central elctrica mareomotriz en el estuario del Francia . La energa mareomotriz se debe a las energa elctrica, una forma energtica ms ÃÆ' ºtil y aprovechable. La energa mareomotriz tiene la cualidad de ser renovable en tanto que la fuente de impacto ambiental de instalar los dispositivos para su proceso han impedido una proliferacin notable de este tipo de energa. Otras formas de extraer energa del mar son la gradiente trmico ocenico, que marca una diferencia de temperaturas entre la superficie y las aguas profundas del ocano. IV- APLICACIONES DE LA ENERGA SOLAR 4.1 TECNOLOGA Y USOS Clasificacin por tecnologas y su correspondiente uso ms general: Energa solar pasiva : Aprovecha el calor del sol sin necesidad de mecanismos o sistemas mecnicos. Energa solar trmica : Para producir agua caliente . Energa solar fotovoltaica : Para producir electricidad mediante placas de semiconductores que se alteran con la radiacin solar. Energa solar termoelctrica : Para producir electricidad con un ciclo termodinmico convencional a partir de un fluido calentado a alta temperatura (aceite trmico) Energa solar hbrida : Combina la energa solar con otra energa. SegÃÆ' ºn la energa con la que se combine es una hibridacin: [3] Fsil . Energa elico solar : Funciona con el aire calentado por el sol, que sube por una chimenea donde estn los generadores. La instalacin de centrales de energa solar en la zonas marcadas en el mapa podra proveer algo ms que la energa actualmente consumida en el mundo (asumiendo una eficiencia de conversin energtica del 8%), incluyendo la proveniente de 1993 (tres aos, calculada sobre la base de 24 horas por da y considerando la nubosidad observada mediante satlites). Otros usos de la energa solar y ejemplos ms prcticos de sus aplicaciones: Huerta solar Potabilizacin de agua Cocina solar Destilacin. Evaporacin. Fotosntesis. Secado. Arquitectura sostenible. Cubierta Solar. Acondicionamiento y ahorro de energa en edificaciones. Calentamiento de agua. Calefaccin domstica. Iluminacin. Refrigeracin. Aire acondicionado. Energa para pequeos electrodomsticos. 4 .2- ENERGIA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA Figura 8. Celda solar Se denomina energa solar fotovoltaica a una forma de obtencin de energa elctrica a travs de paneles fotovoltaicos. Los paneles, mdulos o colectores fotovoltaicos estn formados por diferencia de potencial en sus extremos. El acoplamiento en serie de varios de estos fotodiodos permite la obtencin de voltajes mayores en configuraciones muy sencillas y aptas para alimentar pequeos dispositivos electrnicos. A mayor escala, la red elctrica, operacin sujeta a subvenciones para una mayor viabilidad. El proceso, simplificado, sera el siguiente: Se genera la energa a bajas tensiones (380-800 V) y en corriente continua. Se transforma con un inversor en corriente alterna. Mediante un centro de transformacin se eleva a Media tensin (15 25 kV) y se inyecta en las redes de transporte de la compaa. En entornos aislados, donde se requiere poca econmicamente viable. Para comprender la importancia de esta posibilidad, conviene tener en cuenta que aproximadamente una cuarta parte de la poblacin mundial no tiene acceso a la energa elctrica. 4 .3- CENTROS DE INVESTIGACIN SOBRE LA ENERGA SOLAR Alemania. Universidad Politcnica de Madrid CIEMAT) Alemania. Estados Unidos.Petes.com V. DESCRIPCIN   Y DISEO   DEL PROYECTO V . DESCRIPCIN   Y DISEO DEL PROYECTO La empresa Halka Industrial se dedica a la produccin de cosmticos como son tratamientos, desodorantes, acondicionadores, entre otros. En algunos de estos procesos se adiciona agua a 25oC como materia prima base y esta se eleva   a una temperatura de 80oC, ya que es a la cual todas las materias primas son fundidas y pueden ser mezcladas. Para mejorar la eficiencia energtica del proceso, se propuso calentar el agua destinada para el producto antes de ser adicionada, y as disminuir el tiempo de produccin. En esta etapa se realizaron varios escenarios de temperatura y equipos, donde surgieron los tiempos estimados de produccin resultantes de adicionar el agua ms caliente. Tabla 1. Resultados de   diferentes escenarios   Caldera de 10 HP Escenario 1 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 25 a 80 oC 137500 84000 1:58 min 7 1500 25 a 80 oC 82500 1:08 min Juntos 3:16 min Escenario 2 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 30 a 80 oC 125000 84000 1:49 min 7 1500 30 a 80 oC 75000 1:23 min Juntos 3:08 min Escenario 3 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 35 a 80 oC 112500 84000 1:40 min 7 1500 35 a 80 oC 67500 58 min Juntos 2:43 min Escenario 4 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 40 a 80 oC 100000 84000 1:21 min 7 1500 40 a 80 oC 60000 58 min Juntos 2:18 min Escenario 5 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 50 a 80 oC 75000 84000 53.5 min 7 1500 50 a 80 oC 45000 32 min Juntos 1:30 min Escenario 6 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 60 a 80 oC 50000 84000 35.7 min 7 1500 60 a 80 oC 30000 21.4 min Juntos 58 min Escenario 7 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 70 a 80 oC 25000 84000 17.8 min 7 1500 70 a 80 oC 15000 10.7 min Juntos 28.5 Caldera de   20 Hp Escenario 1 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 25 a 80 oC 137500 169000 49 min 7 1500 25 a 80 oC 82500 29 min Juntos 1:20 min   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Caldera 30 Hp Escenario 1 Tanque Capacidad Kg Cp agua Camb. Temp. Kcal   Total Kcal/h Tiempo (h) 2 2500 1 kcal/kg oC 25 a 80 oC 137500 253000 32 min 7 1500 25 a 80 oC 82500 19 min Juntos 51 min Precios de calderas cotizacin 1 cotizacin 2 cotizacin 3 US$ 29,800 US$ 22,500 US$ 8,500 Como resultado se observo que aumentando la temperatura del agua antes de ser adicionarla al tanque podramos disminuir los tiempos de produccin. Se evaluaron las mejores opciones para mejorar el proceso y se concluyo que un sistema para calentar agua con energa solar es la mejor opcin ante una caldera de mayor capacidad puesto que no habra emisiones   al medio ambiente. La cantidad de paneles lo determinara el tiempo de calentamiento de los 3000 kg de agua que son necesarios para la produccin. En la siguiente tabla se presenta el estudio de la cantidad de paneles requeridos. 1 Este sistema solar es capaz de calentar 3000 kg de agua a 70oC en aproximadamente cinco horas la cual ser usada como materia prima en el proceso. Al adicionar los dems materiales y debido a que su temperatura es la misma del ambiente (25 oC) la mezcla baja unos grados los cuales deben ser elevados con el vapor de la caldera hasta el lmite establecido. 5.1-PANEL SOLAR DE TUBOS DE VACO PARA LA   CONVERSIN DE ENERGA TRMICA   Un panel solar de tubos de vaco es un tipo de colector solar formado por colectores lineales alojados en tubos de vidrio al vaco. El panel tiene estructura de peine, con un mstil que conduce el fluido caloportador, y una serie de tubos a modo de pÃÆ' ºas donde se produce la captacin de la radiacin solar. 5 .1 .1 CONCEPTO La diferencia entre colectores planos y de tubos de vaco consiste fundamentalmente en el aislamiento: en los colectores planos existen prdidas por conveccin, mientras que en los tubos, al estar aislados al vaco, estas prdidas se reducen a valores en torno a un 5%, que suponen hasta un 35% menos con respecto a los paneles planos, []lo que permite incrementar el rendimiento de forma notable, anuncindose incluso aumentos del 50% frente a los colectores planos[ (si bien es necesario aclarar esta diferencia de rendimientos slo se produce bajo condiciones de fro extremo y mucho viento, siendo su rendimiento similar en condiciones menos exigentes). 5.1 .2- CARACTERSTICAS Los paneles de tubos suelen incorporar una placa inferior reflectante por debajo del plano de los tubos, de manera que puedan aprovechar su forma cilndrica para absorber la energa reflejada en la placa. En general, los tubos son ms eficientes en das fros, ventosos o nubosos, donde la concentracin y el aislamiento de la superficie captadora presenta ventajas sobre la mayor superficie captadora de los paneles planos. Los tubos de vaco estn compuestos por un doble tubo de vidrio, entre cuyas paredes se hace un vaco muy elevado (en torno a 0,005 pa), y el vidrio interior suele llevar un tratamiento a base de metal pulverizado para aumentar la absorcin de radiacin. Las dimensiones de los tubos son similares a las de un tubo fluorescente; en torno a los 60mm de dimetro y 180cm de largo.[] 5.1 .3- TIPOLOGAS Actualmente existen dos esquemas generales de tubos de vaco: los colectores de flujo directo, y los de flujo indirecto o heat-pipe[]. 5.1 .4- FLUJO DIRECTO El tubo de vaco de flujo directo fue el primero en desarrollarse, y su funcionamiento es idntico al de los colectores solares planos, en donde el fluido caloportador circula por el tubo expuesto al sol, calentndose a lo largo del recorrido. Es el sistema ms eficiente de captacin solar. 5.1 .5- HEAT-PIPE El concepto heat-pipe es una evolucin del tubo de flujo directo que trata de eliminar el problema del sobrecalentamiento, presente en los climas ms calurosos. En este sistema, se utiliza un fluido que se evapora al calentarse, ascendiendo hasta un intercambiador ubicado en el extremo superior del tubo. Una vez all, se enfra y vuelve a condensarse, transfiriendo el calor al fluido principal. Este sistema presenta una ventaja en los veranos de los climas clidos, pues una vez evaporado todo el fluido del tubo, ste absorbe mucho menos calor, por lo que es ms difcil que los tubos se deterioren o estallen. Tambin presenta la ventaja de perder menos calor durante la noche, pues la trasferencia de calor, a diferencia de los tubos de flujo directo, slo se produce en una direccin. El sistema de flujo indirecto obliga a una inclinacin mnima de los tubos en torno a los 15 º para permitir la correcta circulacin del fluido. 5.1 .6- VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS Los tubos de vaco, en comparacin con los colectores planos, suponen un avance en la captacin de calor en condiciones desfavorables (precisamente cuando ms se necesita el calor). Sin embargo, el elevado precio de esta tecnologa slo la hace recomendable en lugares con climas muy extremos, o cuando el sistema no disponga de un apoyo de energa convencional. Desde otro punto de vista, una ventaja aadida de los tubos es su mayor versatilidad de colocacin, tanto desde el punto de vista prctico como esttico, pues al ser cilndricos, toleran variaciones de hasta 25 º sobre la inclinacin idnea sin prdida de rendimiento, lo que permite adaptarlos a la gran mayora de las edificaciones existentes. A esto hay que aadir la menor superficie necesaria que precisan los tubos. En resumen, y aunque la combinatoria y los factores a tener en cuenta son muchos, se puede generalizar que los tubos de flujo directo son adecuados para los climas ms fros, con veranos suaves, mientras que los tubos de flujo indirecto se adaptan mejor a climas extremos, con inviernos muy fros y veranos calurosos. Por ÃÆ' ºltimo, para climas ms benignos, la solucin ms adecuada sigue siendo la de los colectores planos, pues son mucho ms econmicos. 5.1 .7- TIPO DE COLECTORES DE TUBO DE VACIO Los distintos sistemas de colectores de tubo de vacio se basan en los tubos evacuados. Estos estn conformados por dos tubos concntricos entre los cuales se ha aspirado el aire producindose un vacio. En uno de los extremos ambos tubos se unen sellndose el vacio. Dentro de ambos tubos (de ahora en adelante nos referiremos a estos tubos concntricos con el vacio en medio como tubos evacuados) se sitÃÆ' ºan los distintos tipos de absolvedores que determinan los distintos sistemas. 5.1.8-ESQUEMAS DE TUBOS EVACUADOS Algunos colectores emplean un sistema denominado CPC (Colector Parablico Concntrico) para aprovechar la radiacin solar que incide entre dos tubos. Este sistema consiste en una serie de reflectores que dirigen la luz que cae entre tubo y tubo hacia la parte trasera de los mismos donde es tambin aprevechada. Con ello los colectores reciben luz tanto de la parte delantera como de la trasera. Con el sistema CPC se amplia la superficie efectiva de captacin por metro cuadrado para la tecnologa de tubo de vaco factor que sin embargo siempre estar por debajo de los colectores de placa plana (por metro cuadrado se capta menos pero se hace un uso ms eficiente de lo captado) 5.1 .9- TUBOS EVACUADO SIMPLES Este sistema es ÃÆ' ºnicamente utilizado en calentadores solares termosifnicos. Son tubos evacuados ensamblados directamente con el deposito acumulador y que por lo tanto contienen agua. En la pared interior del tubo evacuado se sitÃÆ' ºa una capa de color oscuro de material absorbente. Cuando la radiacin solar incide sobre la capa de material absorbense se transforma en calor y eleva la temperatura del agua que esta en contacto con l. El agua calentada se eleva por conveccin y comienza a ascender siendo reemplazada por agua fra que a su vez se calienta y reinicia el proceso. Este tipo de tubo de vacio ofrece la ventaja de tener las ya comentadas escasas prdidas de calor y los inconvenientes de ser muy sensible a la presin y de no ofrecer ninguna proteccin contra las bajas temperaturas no siendo posible su utilizacin en zonas con inviernos fros sin la inclusin de un calentador elctrico que caliente el agua del depsito cuando esta alcanza temperaturas muy bajas. En caso de baja temperatura la dilatacin del agua al congelarse puede reventar los tubos y arruinar el equipo. 5.1 .1 0 TUBO DE VACO DE HEAT PIPE . Esta tecnologa de colectores solares emplea un mecanismo denominado Heat pipe. (Tubo de calor). Este mecanismo consiste en un tubo cerrado en el cual se introduce un fluido de propiedades especficas. Cuando el Sol incide sobre el absorbedor adosado al tubo, el fluido se evapora y absorbe calor (calor latente). Como gas asciende sobre el lquido hasta lo alto del tubo donde se sitÃÆ' ºa el foco frio. All se licua (condensa) y cede su calor latente al fluido que nos interesa calentar volviendo a caer al fondo del tubo por gravedad. Este proceso se repite mientras dure la radiacin del Sol o hasta que el colector ha alcanzado una temperatura muy alta (de en torno los 130 grados o ms). El Heat Pipe o tubo de calor es considerado como un superconductor trmico por lo eficaz de su funcionamiento. 1) La radiacin solar incide en el absorbedor que se calienta y transmite ese calor al tubo. 2) el calor recibido provoca que el fluido en el interior del tubo se evapore y ascienda por tanto energa (calor latente) 3) El fluido evaporado cede su calor latente al fluido ms frio que circula por el exterior de la cabeza del tubo y al hacerlo se licua 4) El fluido de nuevo en estado liquido cae por gravedad al fondo del tubo para reiniciar el proceso. Los colectores de tubo de vacio con tecnologa heat pipe tienen la ventaja de no sufrir prdidas por la noche ya que el proceso de transferencia de calor no es reversible (es decir el fluido caliente o el calor no puede pasar del acumulador al tubo y por lo tanto perderse). Adems cada tubo es independiente pudindose cambiar en pleno funcionamiento del sistema. Es altamente resistente a las heladas. Dado que tambin pueden girar sobre su eje los tubos, existe la posibilidad de que adopten posiciones verticales y horizontales al igual que ocurre en los sistemas de flujo directo aunque en este caso habr que respetar una inclinacin mnima del largo del tubo para permitir que el fluido una vez licuado pueda descender por gravedad. En esta tecnologa tambin se aplica el sistema CPC 5.1 .1 1 APLICACIONES DE LOS TUBOS DE VACIO Es posible emplear la tecnologa de los tubos de vaco para casi cualquier aplicacin que requiera agua caliente de entre 40 y 130 grados. Los colectores de tubo de vaco son especialmente apropiados para climas muy fros y parcialmente nubosos. La temperatura ambiente supone un factor importante que afecta al rendimiento de los colectores, cuanto ms fra sea menor ser su rendimiento porque habr ms prdidas en la superficie del colector. Los colectores de tubo de vaco al tener muy pocas prdidas ofrecern un rendimiento claramente superior en climas muy fros. Adems este tipo de colectores es capaz de aprovechar la radiacin difusa que suele darse en los das de nublados ligeros. 5 .2-EVALUACION ECONOMICA Aplicando la Ley 57-07 de incentivo a las energas renovables. Se puede lograr un ahorro del 75% en tres aos del costo del equipo y de la exencin de los impuestos de importacin de los equipos. Tabla 5. Costo inicial del equipo solar Descripcin Dlares Pesos Costo equipo solar $5.672,00 Transporte CIF $1.300,00 Impuestos Aduanas RD$   258.000,00 Materiales instalacin RD$   170.000,00 Mano obra RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   55.000,00 Total RD$ 733.992,00 Descuentos Exencin Impuestos RD$   258.000,00 75% costo en 3 aos $5.229,00 Costo total RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   287.748,00 Ahorro RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   446.244,00 El equipo solar tiene una bomba que mantiene la recirculacin de agua en el sistema, la cual eventualmente operara con un panel fotovoltaico para hacer que el sistema opere 100% con energa renovable. Tabla 6. Costo de operacin del equipo solar Equipo Cantidad Consumo Horas de trabajo Costo energa Bomba 1 200 watt 10 RD$6.15 kw/h Costo diario RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   12,30 Costo mensual RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   293,11 Costo Anual RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   3.517,31 Tomamos en cuenta un Bach diario de cada tanque de produccin y 8 horas de la jornada normal de trabajo. Debido a que solo existe un turno en la empresa. Tabla 7. Ahorro Energtico y Econmico Motor baja agitacin tanque #2 Minutos Kw/h $/Kw Kw/batch $/Batch Antes 225 9,15 RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   6,15 34,31 RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   211,02 Ahora 60 9,15 RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   6,15 9,15 RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   56,27 Diferencia RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   154,75 Motor baja agitacin tanque #7 Minutos Kw/h $/Kw Kw/batch $/Batch Antes 90 4,53 RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   6,15 6,80 RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   41,79 Ahora 25 4,53 RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   6,15 1,89 RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   11,61 Diferencia RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   30,18 Consumo combustible de caldera (gasoil) 8 horas Minutos Galn/h Galn Total $/Galn Antes 480 3 24 118,10 RD$ 2.834,40 Ahora 45 2,25 RD$  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   265,73 Diferencia RD$ 2.568,68 Tabla 8. Un Bach diario en cada tanque de produccin Das de trabajo sem. Ahorro $ sem. Ahorro $ mens. Ahorro $ Ao Ahorro $ 3 ao 5 RD$   13.768,03 RD$   55.072,11 RD$ 660.865,32 RD$ 1.982.595,96 5 . 3 -EVALUACION DE REDUCCION DE EMISIONES Tomando en como base para nuestro calculo la norma internacional EPA, 1 galn de gasoil emite al medio ambiente 10.1 kg de CO2 Los registros diarios de consumo de nuestra caldera promedia 24 galones. Tabla 9. Tabla Descarga de CO2 al medio ambiente (https://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/420f05001.htm) 1 Galn de gasoil emite al medio ambiente 10.1 Kg./Gal. Galn/Gasoil Kg. CO2 Semana Kg. CO2 Mes Kg. CO2 Ao Kg. CO2 Antes 24 242,4 1.212,0 4.848,0 58.176,00 Ahora 2,25 22,7 113,6 454,5 5.454,00 Diferencia -21,8 -219,7 -1.098,4 -4.393,5 -52.722,0 Como muestra el primer grafico, la recuperacin de los recursos invertidos ser para el mes de Julio del ao 2010 y a partir de ese mes hasta que finalice la vida ÃÆ' ºtil del sistema la cual se estima de 15 a 20 aos ira incrementando. A su vez   el segundo grafico muestra la diferencia de los gases contaminantes que se dejaron de emitir una vez el equipo esta en operacin, la cual es de 52.7 toneladas de CO2 menos CONCLUSION Y RECOMENDACIONES CONCLUSION ES Luego del diseo y la instalacin del proyecto condiciones de emitir las siguientes: Se demuestra que con la utilizacin de la energa solar con paneles solares de tubos de vaco para agua, adems de reducir emisiones gaseosas al aire se permite ahorros significativos, siendo la inversin con recuperacin de bajo riesgo y de rpida recuperacin. El aprovechamiento de la energa solar activa, recuperando energa solar de estas caractersticas puede reducir los aportes al cambio climtico.   El panel solar de tubos de vaco es la manera ms econmica y practica de obtener agua caliente, los colectores de tubo de vaco tienen una clara ventaja por siguiente: Debido a su forma cilndrica de los tubos de vaco, estos son capaces de recibir perpendicularmente la radiacin del sol durante el da, a diferencia de los dems tipos de paneles solares, debido a su material son muy resistente y de larga duracin, si se llega a romper, son baratos y fciles de cambiar, adems pueden operar con un tubo roto, a diferencia de un panel plano que se tiene que reemplazar por completo. Alta eficiencia aun en los das nublados y las perdidas trmicas son muy bajas. La produccin de energas limpias, alternativas y renovables no es una cultura o un intento de mejorar el medio ambiente, sino una necesidad a la que el ser humano se va a ver abocado, independientemente de nuestra opinin, gustos o creencias RECOMENDACIONES Dada la necesidad y desarrollo que tiene el sector energtico, es necesario preparar el pas para hacer un   para hacer frente a la demanda masiva de Energas Alternativas. Por lo que las recomendaciones para el futuro de este trabajo es seguir la investigacin directamente con procesos industriales. Recomendamos a la sociedad dominicana que se inmiscuya y haga parte de si el tema de las energas, debido a que el consumo de energa es uno de los grandes medidores del progreso y bienestar de una sociedad. Un modelo econmico como el actual, cuyo funcionamiento depende de un continuo crecimiento, exige tambin una demanda igualmente creciente de energa. Puesto que las fuentes de energa fsil y nuclear son finitas, es inevitable que en un determinado momento la demanda no pueda ser abastecida y todo el sistema colapse, salvo que se descubran y desarrollen otros nuevos mtodos para obtener energa: stas seran las energas alternativas. BIBLIO 0047 RAFIA Energas renovables (Fundamentos, Tecnologas Y Aplicaciones).Jos mara Fernndez salgado2009 Energa solar trmica y de concentracin: manual prctico de diseo, instalacin y mantenimiento. Antonio Madrid Vicente Paneles colectores o captadores tubos vacio vacutube hp energa solar trmica Espaa (www.granpyme.com) Energas Limpias (renovable.com/2009/06/30/) es.wikipedia.org//Panel solar de tubos de vaco. www.amordad.es. Amordad es lder en productos de energa solar gracias a su tecnologa pionera, basada en los tubos de vaco.[] www.biocarburante.com/energia-solar-por-tubos-de-vacio Energas Renovables, el periodismo de las energas limpias(Internet) Tecnologa de las energas renovables, Jos Mara Fernndez Salgado 2009 La Ley 57-07. Incentivos a Energas Renovables 1